Tugas 3. Pronouns

Pronouns
What is a Pronoun?
In grammar, a pronoun is defined as a word or phrase that may be substituted for a nounor noun phrase, which once replaced, is known as the pronoun’s antecedent. How is this possible? In a nutshell, it’s because pronouns can do everything that nouns can do. A pronoun can act as a subject, direct object, indirect object, object of thepreposition, and more.
Without pronouns, we’d have to keep on repeating nouns, and that would make our speech and writing repetitive, not to mention cumbersome. Most pronouns are very short words. Examples include:
• He
• She
• They
• It
• We
• Who
As mentioned, pronouns are usually used to replace nouns, however they can also stand in for certain adverbs, adjectives, and other pronouns. Anytime you want to talk about a person, animal, place or thing, you can use pronouns to make your speech or writing flow better.
Types of Pronouns
Pronouns can be divided into numerous categories including:
• Indefinite pronouns – those referring to one or more unspecified objects, beings, or places
• Personal pronouns – those associated with a certain person, thing, or group; all except you have distinct forms that indicate singular or plural number
• Reflexive pronouns – those preceded by the adverb, adjective, pronoun, or noun to which they refer, and ending in –self or –selves
• Demonstrative pronouns – those used to point to something specific within a sentence
• Possessive pronouns – those designating possession or ownership
• Relative pronouns – those which refer to nouns mentioned previously, acting to introduce an adjective (relative) clause
• Interrogative pronouns – those which introduce a question
• Reciprocal pronouns – those expressing mutual actions or relationship; i.e. one another
• Intensive pronouns – those ending in –self or–selves and that serve to emphasize their antecedents
Pronoun Rules
There are a few important rules for using pronouns. As you read through these rules and the examples in the next section, notice how the pronoun rules are followed. Soon you’ll see that pronouns are easy to work with.
• Subject pronouns may be used to begin sentences. For example: We did a great job.
• Subject pronouns may also be used to rename the subject. For example: It was she who decided we should go to Hawaii.
• Indefinite pronouns don’t have antecedents. They are capable of standing on their own. For example: No one likes the sound of fingernails on a chalkboard.
• Object pronouns are used as direct objects, indirect objects, and objects of prepositions. These include: you, me, him, her, us, them, and it. For example: David talked to her about the mistake.
• Possessive pronouns show ownership. They do not need apostrophes. For example: The cat washed its whiskers.
Examples of Pronouns
In the following examples, the pronouns are italicized.
1. We are going on vacation.
2. Don’t tell me that you can’t go withus.
3. Anybody who says it won’t be fun has no clue what they are talking about.
4. These are terribly steep stairs.
5. We ran into each other at the mall.
6. I’m not sure which is worse: rain or snow.
7. It is one of the nicest Italian restaurants in town.
8. Richard stared at himself in the mirror.
9. The laundry isn’t going to do itself.
10. Someone spilled orange juice all over the countertop!

http://www.gingersoftware.com/content/grammar-rules/pronouns-2/

Tugas 2. subject, verb, complement and modifier

SUBJECT, VERB, COMPLEMENT AND MODIFIER



A. SUBJECT

Definition: The subject of a sentence is the noun, pronoun or noun phrase that precedes, and governs the main verb. The subject is the part of the sentence that performs an action or which is associated with the action.

*For example:
- He is a funny guy..
            => "He" is the subject of the sentence, controlling the verb and the complement.
- Mita plays the volleyball
            =>The subject "Mita" performs the action of  "playing the volleyball“.
- The police arranged the traffic
            =>The subject the police performs the action of arranging the traffic.

To determine the subject of a sentence, first isolate the verb, and then make a question by placing "who?" or "what?" before it. Having identified the Subject, we can see that the remainder of the sentence tells us what the Subject does or did. We refer to this string as the "predicate" of the sentence.

*For example:
- Who plays the volleyball?
            => "Mita" ( = Subject)
            => "plays the volleyball" ( = predicate) tells us what Mita does.
- Who arranged the traffic?
            => "The police" (= Subject)
            => "arranged the traffic" ( = predicate) tell us what the police did.

Subjects can either be "simple", "compound" or "complex"
Simple Subject
            Composed of a single pronoun, noun or noun phrase.

Complex Subject
A complex subject consists of a noun phrase and any words, phrases, or clauses that modify it.

*For example:
- The man who had followed us inside walked over to the telephone.
            => central noun: man
            => complex subject: the man who had followed us inside
- The superior performance of La Traviata pleased the wealthy audience.
            => central noun: performance
            => complex subject: the superior performance of La Traviata

Compound Subject
A compound subject consists of two or more noun phrases (and their modifiers if any) joined together with a coordinating conjunction.

*For example:
- The man and the woman walked over to the telephone.
            => The compound subject here is the whole phrase, "the man and the woman."
- Neither the superior performance of La Traviata nor the excellent wine at intermission pleased the wealthy audience.
            => Again, the whole phrase, "neither the superior performance of La Traviata nor the excellent wine at intermission," is the subject. The phrase answers the question, "What pleased the wealthy audience?"


B. VERBS

Definition: Verbs are a class of words used to show the performance of an action (do, throw, run), existence (be), possession (have), or state (know, love) of a subject. To put it simply a verb shows what something or someone does.

*For example:
-  Junawan reads a book.
            =>Here, the verb reads certainly denotes an action which Junawan performs - the action of reading a book.
- They buy some books to learn English verbs.
            =>In this example, the action word is "to buy". It tells us that the subject "they", that is the person who performs the action of the verb is "buying some books".

The verb tense shows the time of the action or state. Aspect shows whether the action or state is completed or not. Voice is used to show relationships between the action and the people affected by it. Mood shows the attitude of the speaker about the verb, whether it is a declaration or an order. Verbs can be affected by person and number to show agreement with the subject.

Most statements in speech and writing have a main verb. These verbs are expressed in "tenses" which place everything in a point in time.

Verbs are conjugated (inflected) to reflect how they are used. There are two general areas in which conjugation occurs; for person and for tense.

Conjugation for tense
Conjugation for tense is carried out on all verbs. All conjugations start with the infinitive form of the verb.
The infinitive is simply the to form of the verb For example, to begin.
The present participle form (the -ing form), is formed by adding ing to the bare infinitive. For example, to begin - beginning.
There are two other forms that the verb can take, depending on the tense type and time, the simple past form and the past participle.

The form of the verb or its tense can tell when events take place.
For example, the verb kiss:

Present Simple: kiss/kisses
Past Simple: kissed
Future Simple: will kiss
Present Perfect: has/have kissed
Past Perfect: had kissed
Future Perfect: will have kissed
Present Continuous (Progressive): is/am/are kissing
Past Continuous (Progressive): was kissing
Future Continuous (Progressive): will be kissing
Present Perfect Continuous (Progressive): has/have been kissing
Past Perfect Continuous (Progressive): had been kissing
Future Perfect Continuous (Progressive): will have been kissing

Conjugation for person
Conjugation for person occurs when the verb changes form, depending on whether it is governed by a first, second, or third person subject. This gives three conjugations for any verb depending on who is acting as the subject of the verb. For example: we have I begin, you begin , and he begins. Note that only the third conjunction really shows a difference.

In English, we distinguish between regular and irregular verbs. Regular verbs are those ones which form their past simple and past participle just by adding "-ed" to the base of the verb. The rest are irregular.

Examples:
* Dracula bites his victims on the neck.
* In early October, Giselle will plant twenty tulip bulbs.
* She travels to work by train.
* We walked five miles to a garage.

C. COMPLEMENT
 
A complement is the part of a Sentence that comes after the Verb and is needed to make the sentence complete. The following are the most important types of complement used in English:
a.  SUBJECT COMPLEMENT
     Eg: He's a surveyor. (The Subject is completed by the complement to the verb. This is a Copula Verb).
b.  OBJECT COMPLEMENT
     Eg: She sent him the fax. (The sentence is completed by telling us what she sent to him.)
c.   ADJECTIVAL COMPLEMENT
      Eg: They'll be happy. (The sentence is completed by the Adjective; this could be extended further, they'll be happy to see us, etc..)
d.  PREPOSITIONAL COMPLEMENT
     Eg: They talked about what needed doing. (The sentence is completed by the Phrase linked to the verb by the Preposition.)


D. MODIFIER

Ttells the time, place or manner of the action. Very often it's a prepositional phrase. Prepotional phrase is a group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun.
Note :
A modifier of time usually comes last if more than one modifier is present.
Example of prepositional phrases :
In the morning, at university, on the table
A modifier can also be an adverb or an adverbial phrase :
Last night, hurriedly, next year, outdoors, yesterday
Example : John bought a book at the bookstore
(modifier place)
Jill was swimming in the pool yesterday
(modifier of place)(modifier of time)
 Note :
The modifier normally follows the complement, but not always. However, the modifier, especially when it's a prepositional phrase, usually can't separate the verb and the complement.
Example : She drove the car on the street
(verb) (complement)

 EXAMPLE :

1.   George     is cooking         dinner                tonight
     Subject   Verb Phrase   Complement     Modifier of Time
2.   Henry and Marcia   have visited       the president
            Subject                    Verb Phrase       Complement  
3.   We           can eat            lunch            in this restaurant            today
    Subject      Verb         Complement     Modifier of Place    Modifier of Time
4.   Pat           should have bought     gasoline                yesterday
    Subject          Verb Phrase          Complement       Modifier of Time
5.   Tress          grow
    Subject      Verb
6.   It              was raining     at seven o’clock this morning
    Subject    Verb Phrase            Modifier of Time
7.  She            opened      a checking account         at the bank                last week
    Subject        Verb            Complement         Modifier of Place     Modifier of Time
8.   Harry          is washing         dishes                right now
    Subject     Verb Phrase    Complement    Modifier of Time
9.   She            opened        her book
     Subject        Verb       Complement
10.  Paul, William and Mary   were watching       television        a few minutes ago
                  Subject                 Verb Phrase         Complement     Modifier of Time

http://nuraida03.blogspot.com/2015/04/subject-verb-complement-and-modifier.html
http://mitanggraini.blogspot.co.id/2015/04/subject-verb-complement-and-modifier.html?m=1

Tugas 1. Pengertian hukum ekonomi, pengertian subyek & objek hukum

PENGERTIAN HUKUM EKONOMI

Hukum ekonomi lahir disebabkan oleh semakin pesatnya pertumbuhan dan perkembangan perekonomian. Diseluruh dunia, hukum ekonomi berfungsi untuk mengatur dan membatasi kegiatan-kegiatan ekonomi, dengan pengharapan pembangunan perekonomian tidak mengabaikan hak-hak dan kepentingan masyarakat.

Rochmat Soemitro mengatakan bahwa,Pengertian hukum ekonomidiartikan sebagai sebagian dari keseluruhan norma yang dibuat oleh pemerintah atau penguasa sebagai satu personifikasi dari masyarakat yang mengatur kehidupan kepentingan ekonomi masyarakat yang saling berhadapan.
Sunaryati Haryonomemberikan Pengertian hukum ekonomi adalah penjabaran hukum ekonomi pembangunan dan hukum ekonomi sosial, oleh sebab itu hukum ekonomi tersebut mempunyai dua aspek, yaitu sebagai berikut:
1. Aspek pengaturan usaha-usaha pembangunan ekonomi, dalam arti peningkatan kehidupann ekonomi secara keseluruhan
2. Aspek pengaturan usaha-usaha pembagian hasil pembangunan ekonomi secara merata diantara seluruh lapisan masyarakat Indonesia.

Aspek hukum dalam ekonomi di Indonesia dapat dibedakan menjadi dua, yakni hukum ekonomi pembangunan dan hukum ekonomi sosial.


PENGERTIAN SUBYEK HUKUM
Subyek hukum ialah pemegang hak dankewajiban menurut hukum. Dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, yang menjadi subyek hukum dalam sistem hukum Indonesia, yang sudah barang tentu berdasar dari sistem hukum Belanda, ialah individu (orang) dan badan hukum (perusahaan, organisasi, institusi).
Dalam dunia hukum, subyek hukum dapat diartikan sebagai pembawa hak, yaknimanusia dan badan hukum.
1. Manusia (naturlife persoon) Menurut hukum, tiap-tiap seorang manusia sudah menjadi subyek hukum secara kodrati atau secara alami. Anak-anak serta balita pun sudah dianggap sebagai subyek hukum. Manusia dianggap sebagai hak mulai ia dilahirkan sampai dengan ia meninggal dunia. Bahkan bayi yang masih berada dalam kandungan pun bisa dianggap sebagai subyek hukum bila terdapat urusan atau kepentingan yang menghendakinya. Namun,
ada beberapa golongan yang oleh hukum dipandang sebagai subyek hukum yang "tidak cakap" hukum. Maka dalam melakukan perbuatan-perbuatan hukum mereka harus diwakili atau dibantu oleh orang lain. seperti:
1. Anak yang masih dibawah umur, belumdewasa, atau belum menikah.
2. Orang yang berada dalam pengampunanyaitu orang yang sakit ingatan, pemabuk,pemboros.
3. Badan Hukum (recht persoon)
Badan hukum adalah suatu badan yang terdiri dari kumpulan orang yang diberi status "persoon" oleh hukum sehingga mempunyai hak dan kewajiban. Badan hukum dapat menjalankan perbuatan hukum sebagai pembawa hak manusia. Seperti melakukanperjanjian, mempunyai kekayaan yang terlepas dari para anggotanya dan sebagainya. Perbedaan badan hukum dengan manusia sebagai pembawa hak adalah badan hukum tidak dapat melakukan perkawinan, tidak dapat diberi hukuman penjara, tetapi badan hukum dimungkinkan dapat dibubarkan.


PENGERTIAN OBJEK HUKUM
Pengertian Objek hukum adalah segala sesuatu yang berada dalam pengaturan hukum dan dapat dimanfaatkan oleh subjek hukum (manusia dan badan hukum) berdasarkan hak dan kewajiban objek hukum yang bersangkutan. Jadi, objek itu haruslah sesuatu yang pemanfaatannya diatur bedasarkan jual beli, sewa-menyewa, waris-mewarisi, perjanjian dan sebagainya.

Objek hukum dapat juga diartikan sebagai segala sesuatu yang berguna bagi subjek hukum dan yang dapat menjadi pokok (objek) suatu hubungan hukum, yang disebut hak. Segala sesuatu dapat saja dikuasai oleh subjek hukum.

Sumber :
http://www.hukumsumberhukum.com/2014/06/apa-itu-pengertian-hukum-ekonomi.html?m=1#_
http://www.hukumsumberhukum.com/2014/06/apakah-itu-objek-hukum.html?m=1
https://id.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subyek_hukum

Telling about Yourself

Hi, let me introduce my self!
My name is Tyas Citra Kusuma Dewi, too long? Ya. You can call me tyas or ciku. I was born in Jakarta, 20th July 1995, now i'm 20 years old. I'm come from Indonesian. I'm in my 3rd years at Gunadarma University studying Accounting, why i'm studying accounting because my desire is to become an accountant at a large company.
About family, I have both parents are incredible great, especially my mother. They're may not be perfect, but they are the most precious gift God has ever given me. I don't have a brother or sister, I was an only child in home.
I really like to spend time on the streets looking for somewhere new and see the beautiful places. Yap! My hobby is travelling maybe~
What I did not like? I don't like the cat, chicken and ondel-ondel. yaaa maybe I highly phobia with all of that!
And one that I dislike in myself is that I am a selfish person. Positive thing in me is what I want to be I can pursue to get it, like my dreams! I will make my dreams come true. Amin!
That's me. Thankyou :)